Module PPrint

PPrint is an OCaml library for pretty-printing textual documents. It takes care of indentation and line breaks, and is typically used to pretty-print code.

Building Documents

type document

The abstract type of documents.

Atomic Documents

val empty : document

empty is the empty document.

val char : char -> document

char c is an atomic document that consists of the single character c. This character must not be a newline character.

val string : string -> document

string s is an atomic document that consists of the string s. This string must not contain a newline. The printing engine assumes that the ideal width of this string is String.length s. This assumption is safe if this is an ASCII string. Otherwise, fancystring or utf8string should be preferred.

val substring : string -> int -> int -> document

substring s ofs len is an atomic document that consists of the portion of the string s delimited by the offset ofs and the length len. This portion must not contain a newline. substring s ofs len is equivalent to string (String.sub s ofs len), but is expected to be more efficient, as the substring is not actually extracted.

val fancystring : string -> int -> document

fancystring s alen is an atomic document that consists of the string s. This string must not contain a newline. The string may contain fancy characters: color escape characters, UTF-8 characters, etc. Thus, its apparent length (which measures how many columns the text will take up on screen) differs from its length in bytes. The printing engine assumes that its apparent length is alen.

val fancysubstring : string -> int -> int -> int -> document

fancysubstring s ofs len alen is equivalent to fancystring (String.sub s ofs len) alen.

val utf8string : string -> document

utf8string s is an atomic document that consists of the UTF-8-encoded string s. This string must not contain a newline. utf8string s is equivalent to fancystring s (utf8_length s), where utf8_length s is the apparent length of the UTF-8-encoded string s.

val utf8format : ('a, unit, string, document) Stdlib.format4 -> 'a

utf8format format <args>... is equivalent to utf8string (Printf.sprintf format <args>...).

Blanks and Newlines

val hardline : document

The atomic document hardline represents a forced newline. This document has infinite ideal width: thus, if there is a choice between printing it in flat mode and printing it in normal mode, normal mode is preferred. In other words, when hardline is placed directly inside a group, this group is dissolved: group hardline is equivalent to hardline. This combinator should be seldom used; consider using break instead.

val blank : int -> document

The atomic document blank n consists of n blank characters. A blank character is like an ordinary ASCII space character char ' ', except that blank characters that appear at the end of a line are automatically suppressed.

val space : document

space is a synonym for blank 1. It consists of one blank character. It is therefore not equivalent to char ' '.

val break : int -> document

The document break n is a breakable blank of width n. It produces n blank characters if the printing engine is in flat mode, and a single newline character if the printing engine is in normal mode. break 1 is equivalent to ifflat (blank 1) hardline.

Composite Documents

val (^^) : document -> document -> document

doc1 ^^ doc2 is the concatenation of the documents doc1 and doc2.

val group : document -> document

group doc encodes a choice. If the document doc fits on the current line, then it is rendered on a single line, in flat mode. (All group combinators inside it are then ignored.) Otherwise, this group is dissolved, and doc is rendered in normal mode. There might be more groups within doc, whose presence leads to further choices being explored.

val ifflat : document -> document -> document

ifflat doc1 doc2 is rendered as doc1 if the printing engine is in flat mode, that is, if the printing engine has determined that some enclosing group fits on the current line. Otherwise, it is rendered as doc2. Use this combinator with caution! Because the printing engine is free to choose between doc1 and doc2, these documents must be semantically equivalent. It is up to the user to enforce this property.

val nest : int -> document -> document

To render the document nest j doc, the printing engine temporarily increases the current indentation level by j, then renders doc. The effect of the current indentation level is as follows: every time a newline character is emitted, it is immediately followed by n blank characters, where n is the current indentation level. Thus, one may think of nest j doc roughly as the document doc in which j blank characters have been inserted after every newline character.

val align : document -> document

To render align doc, the printing engine sets the current indentation level to the current column, then renders doc. In other words, the document doc is rendered within a box whose upper left corner is the current position of the printing engine.

type point = int * int

A point is a pair of a line number and a column number.

type range = point * point

A range is a pair of points.

val range : (range -> unit) -> document -> document

The document range hook doc is printed like the document doc, but allows the caller to register a hook that is applied, when the document is printed, to the range occupied by this document in the output text. This offers a way of mapping positions in the output text back to (sub)documents.

Rendering Documents

Three renderers are available. They offer the same API, described by the signature RENDERER, and differ only in the nature of the output channel that they use.

module type RENDERER = sig ... end

This signature describes the document renderers in a manner that is independent of the type of the output channel.

module ToChannel : RENDERER with type channel = Stdlib.out_channel and type document = document

This renderer sends its output into an output channel.

module ToBuffer : RENDERER with type channel = Stdlib.Buffer.t and type document = document

This renderer sends its output into a memory buffer.

module ToFormatter : RENDERER with type channel = Stdlib.Format.formatter and type document = document

This renderer sends its output into a formatter channel.

Defining Custom Documents

It is possible to define custom document constructors, provided they meet the expectations of the printing engine. In short, the custom document combinator custom expects an object of class custom. This object must provide three methods. The method requirement must compute the ideal width of the custom document. The methods pretty and compact must render the custom document. For this purpose, they have access to the output channel and to the state of the printing engine.

type requirement = int

A width requirement is expressed as an integer. The value max_int is reserved and represents infinity.

val infinity : requirement

infinity represents an infinite width requirement.

class type output = object ... end

An output channel is abstractly represented as an object equipped with methods for displaying one character and for displaying a substring.

type state = {
width : int;(*

The line width. This parameter is fixed throughout the execution of the renderer.

*)
ribbon : int;(*

The ribbon width. This parameter is fixed throughout the execution of the renderer.

*)
mutable last_indent : int;(*

The number of blanks that were printed at the beginning of the current line. This field is updated (only) when a hardline is emitted. It is used (only) to determine whether the ribbon width constraint is respected.

*)
mutable line : int;(*

The current line. This field is updated (only) when a hardline is emitted. It is not used by the pretty-printing engine itself.

*)
mutable column : int;(*

The current column. This field must be updated whenever something is sent to the output channel. It is used (only) to determine whether the width constraint is respected.

*)
}

The internal state of the rendering engine is exposed to the user who wishes to define custom documents. However, its structure is subject to change in future versions of the library.

class type custom = object ... end

A custom document is defined by implementing an object of class custom.

val custom : custom -> document

custom constructs a custom document out an object of type custom.

Some of the key functions of the library are exposed, in the hope that they may be useful to authors of custom (leaf and composite) documents. In the case of a leaf document, they can help perform certain basic functions; for instance, applying the function pretty to the document hardline is a simple way of printing a hardline, while respecting the indentation parameters and updating the state in a correct manner. Similarly, applying pretty to the document blank n is a simple way of printing n blank characters. In the case of a composite document (one that contains subdocuments), these functions are essential: they allow computing the width requirement of a subdocument and displaying a subdocument.

val requirement : document -> requirement

requirement doc computes the width requirement of the document doc. It runs in constant time.

val pretty : output -> state -> int -> bool -> document -> unit

pretty output state indent flatten doc prints the document doc. See the documentation of the method pretty in the class custom.

val compact : output -> document -> unit

compact output doc prints the document doc. See the documentation of the method compact in the class custom.

High-Level Combinators

Single Characters

The following atomic documents consist of a single character. Each of them is a synonym for the application of char to some constant character. For instance, lparen is a synonym for char '('.

val lparen : document
val rparen : document
val langle : document
val rangle : document
val lbrace : document
val rbrace : document
val lbracket : document
val rbracket : document
val squote : document
val dquote : document
val bquote : document
val semi : document
val colon : document
val comma : document
val dot : document
val sharp : document
val slash : document
val backslash : document
val equals : document
val qmark : document
val tilde : document
val at : document
val percent : document
val dollar : document
val caret : document
val ampersand : document
val star : document
val plus : document
val minus : document
val underscore : document
val bang : document
val bar : document

Delimiters

val precede : document -> document -> document

precede l x is l ^^ x.

val terminate : document -> document -> document

terminate r x is x ^^ r.

val enclose : document -> document -> document -> document

enclose l r x is l ^^ x ^^ r.

The following combinators enclose a document within a pair of delimiters. They are partial applications of enclose. No whitespace or line break is introduced.

val squotes : document -> document
val dquotes : document -> document
val bquotes : document -> document
val braces : document -> document
val parens : document -> document
val angles : document -> document
val brackets : document -> document

Repetition

val twice : document -> document

twice doc is the document obtained by concatenating two copies of the document doc.

val repeat : int -> document -> document

repeat n doc is the document obtained by concatenating n copies of the document doc.

Lists and Options

val concat : document list -> document

concat docs is the concatenation of the documents in the list docs.

val separate : document -> document list -> document

separate sep docs is the concatenation of the documents in the list docs. The separator sep is inserted between every two adjacent documents.

val concat_map : ('a -> document) -> 'a list -> document

concat_map f xs is equivalent to concat (List.map f xs).

val separate_map : document -> ('a -> document) -> 'a list -> document

separate_map sep f xs is equivalent to separate sep (List.map f xs).

val separate2 : document -> document -> document list -> document

separate2 sep last_sep docs is the concatenation of the documents in the list docs. The separator sep is inserted between every two adjacent documents, except between the last two documents, where the separator last_sep is used instead.

val optional : ('a -> document) -> 'a option -> document

optional f None is the empty document. optional f (Some x) is the document f x.

Text

val lines : string -> document list

lines s is the list of documents obtained by splitting s at newline characters, and turning each line into a document via substring. This code is not UTF-8 aware.

val arbitrary_string : string -> document

arbitrary_string s is equivalent to separate (break 1) (lines s). It is analogous to string s, but is valid even if the string s contains newline characters.

val words : string -> document list

words s is the list of documents obtained by splitting s at whitespace characters, and turning each word into a document via substring. All whitespace is discarded. This code is not UTF-8 aware.

val split : (char -> bool) -> string -> document list

split ok s splits the string s before and after every occurrence of a character that satisfies the predicate ok. The substrings thus obtained are turned into documents, and a list of documents is returned. No information is lost: the concatenation of the documents yields the original string. This code is not UTF-8 aware.

val flow : document -> document list -> document

flow sep docs separates the documents in the list docs with the separator sep and arranges for a new line to begin whenever a document does not fit on the current line. This is useful for typesetting free-flowing, ragged-right text. A typical choice of sep is break b, where b is the number of spaces that must be inserted between two consecutive words (when displayed on the same line).

val flow_map : document -> ('a -> document) -> 'a list -> document

flow_map sep f docs is equivalent to flow sep (List.map f docs).

val url : string -> document

url s is a possible way of displaying the URL s. A potential line break is inserted immediately before and immediately after every slash and dot character.

Alignment and Indentation

val hang : int -> document -> document

hang n doc is analogous to align, but additionally indents all lines, except the first one, by n. Thus, the text in the box forms a hanging indent.

val prefix : int -> int -> document -> document -> document

prefix n b left right has the following flat layout:

left right

and the following non-flat layout:

left
  right

The parameter n controls the nesting of right (when not flat). The parameter b controls the number of spaces between left and right (when flat).

val jump : int -> int -> document -> document

jump n b right is equivalent to prefix n b empty right.

val infix : int -> int -> document -> document -> document -> document

infix n b middle left right has the following flat layout:

left middle right

and the following non-flat layout:

left middle
  right

The parameter n controls the nesting of right (when not flat). The parameter b controls the number of spaces between left and middle (always) and between middle and right (when flat).

val surround : int -> int -> document -> document -> document -> document

surround n b opening contents closing has the following flat layout:

opening contents closing

and the following non-flat layout:

opening
  contents
  closing

The parameter n controls the nesting of contents (when not flat). The parameter b controls the number of spaces between opening and contents and between contents and closing (when flat).

val soft_surround : int -> int -> document -> document -> document -> document

soft_surround is analogous to surround, but involves more than one group, so it offers possibilities other than the completely flat layout (where opening, contents, and closing appear on a single line) and the completely developed layout (where opening, contents, and closing appear on separate lines). It tries to place the beginning of contents on the same line as opening, and to place closing on the same line as the end of contents, if possible.

val surround_separate : int -> int -> document -> document -> document -> document -> document list -> document

surround_separate n b void opening sep closing docs is equivalent to surround n b opening (separate sep docs) closing, except when the list docs is empty, in which case it reduces to void.

val surround_separate_map : int -> int -> document -> document -> document -> document -> ('a -> document) -> 'a list -> document

surround_separate_map n b void opening sep closing f xs is equivalent to surround_separate n b void opening sep closing (List.map f xs).

Short-Hands

val (!^) : string -> document

!^s is a short-hand for string s.

val (^/^) : document -> document -> document

x ^/^ y separates x and y with a breakable space. It is a short-hand for x ^^ break 1 ^^ y.

val (^//^) : document -> document -> document

x ^//^ y is a short-hand for prefix 2 1 x y.

Printing OCaml Values

module OCaml : sig ... end

This module offers document combinators that help print OCaml values. The strings produced by rendering these documents are supposed to be accepted by the OCaml parser as valid values.